• In addition to the increase of extracellular glutamate

  2022-02-17

  

  In addition to the increase of extracellular glutamate, ICH can also increase the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. Although the products of red blood cell lysis and plasma components, as well as the excitotoxic effect of glutamate have been to increase oxidative damage

• In summary activated A AR

  2022-02-17

  

  In summary, activated A2AR exacerbated the reverse transport function of endothelial EAATs through a direct or indirect pathway depending on PKA and glutamate levels in response to OGD in vitro, but A2AR inhibition quickly restored the normal transport function. Moreover, the key mechanisms by which

• pHi regulation in astrocytes has been examined primarily

  2022-02-17

  

  pHi regulation in astrocytes has been examined primarily in cell culture rather than in situ. Two HCO3−-dependent transporters, NBC and Na+-driven Cl-HCO3 exchange (NDCBE), have been described [10,16], in addition to Cl-HCO3 anion exchange (AE) [96]. Culture studies indicate that NHE is the principa

• Olanzapine has been reported to attenuate insulin secretion

  2022-02-17

  

  Olanzapine has been reported to attenuate insulin secretion, cause insulin resistance (Chintoh et al., 2008) and reduce whole body carbohydrate oxidation (Klingerman et al., 2014). However, a blunting of these effects in Gcgr−/− mice would not appear to explain the protection against olanzapine-indu

• br Materials and methods br Contributors

  2022-02-17

  

  Materials and methods Contributors Acknowledgements This work was funded by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, Shanxi Province [(2010)255], by a Shanxi Scholarship Council of China, and supported by a grant from the Alzheimer Society UK. The authors declare no conflict of

• br Conclusion br Conflict of Interest JJH

  2022-02-17

  

  Conclusion Conflict-of-Interest JJH has collaborated with several different pharmaceutical companies during the last 30 years; is currently receiving speaker honoraria from NovoNordisk and MSD and is on advisory boards for NovoNordisk. The author is currently supported by an independent grant

• The mechanism by which Piezo acts in the regulation

  2022-02-17

  

  The mechanism by which Piezo1 acts in the regulation of RBC volume is not firmly established. Its curved structure implies that it is activated by an increase in membrane tension (11), a mechanism indicated by electrophysiological measurements (16). However, the RBC membrane mechanics at its physio

• br Fenton reaction based nanomaterials for ferroptosis In Fe

  2022-02-16

  

  Fenton reaction-based nanomaterials for ferroptosis In Fenton reaction, H2O2 is converted by Fe2+ or Fe3+ to highly oxidative ROS (Eqs. (1) and (2)), which is commonly used to catalyze the degradation of refractory organics [34]. Since the tumor microenvironment is characterized by low acidity an

• Hyperhomocysteinemia HHcy is a clinical condition characteri

  2022-02-16

  

  Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a clinical condition characterized by increased levels of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) and a well-known risk factor for CVDs. Hcy is a sulfur-containing non-protein amino trpv1 antagonist formed during the intracellular conversion of methionine to cysteine. Previous study

• The dramatically reduced expression of CFTR in human colorec

  2022-02-16

  

  The dramatically reduced expression of CFTR in human colorectal cancer tissues identified herein is consistent with our previous findings using human breast cancer tissues, prostate cancer tissues, and colon cancer tissues, and suggests that the loss of CFTR is likely a general phenomenon in epithel

• br Materials and methods br Results br

  2022-02-16

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion Both EMT of the tubular epithelial Nocodazole receptor and the activation of fibroblasts are critical factors in the pathogenesis and progression of renal interstitial fibrosis. Accumulating evidence implicates EMT in the onset and pathogenesis of r

• Polyunsaturated fatty acid components of brain are

  2022-02-16

  

  Polyunsaturated fatty GDC-0199 components of brain are more prone to oxidative attack, an event called lipid peroxidation. Consistent with previous findings on neurotoxicity [58,59], colistin sulphate increased the level of MDA in the brain of rats. The elevated MDA, a consequence of overwhelmed an

• To determine the functional consequences of HIV gp

  2022-02-15

  

  To determine the functional consequences of HIV gp120 binding to vaginal epithelial cells, an annotation clustering of the differentially expressed genes was performed. The top enriched biological processes included an inflammatory immune response, defense response and the pathways included the SODD

• In an immunohistochemical analysis of gastric cancer samples

  2022-02-15

  

  In an immunohistochemical analysis of 117 gastric cancer samples, reduced Cx43 and E-cadherin expression were shown to contribute to the development of primary gastric cancer; however, increased Cx43 and E-cadherin expression contributed to lymph node metastasis [13]. In primary urothelial HU 308 mg

• GPR which is also known

  2022-02-15

  

  GPR40, which is also known as FFA receptor 1 (FFAR1 or FFA1), was identified as an orphan receptor in the search for novel human galanin receptor (GALR) subtypes in 1997. Using reverse pharmacology approaches measuring calcium transients, GPR40 were deorphanized and characterized as being activated

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