• From an historical perspective ligands

  2024-03-29

  

  From an historical perspective, ligands for GPCRs (adrenaline, serotonin, SJB3-019A or morphine, to name a few) have been identified before their receptor counterparts, at a time when the concept of receptor itself was controversial [15]. Although many cognate receptors for endogenous ligands were

• br Discussion Arginase and Arginase are homologous enzymes

  2024-03-29

  

  Discussion Arginase 1 and Arginase 2 are homologous enzymes that consume l-arginine to produce l-ornithine and urea [14], [15]. These enzymes compete with NO synthases for the same substrate [14], [15], [30], and therefore may reduce NO production [21], [24], [30]. The colocalization of arginases

• monensin The efficacy of antibiotics in improving smell func

  2024-03-29

  

  The efficacy of monensin in improving smell function has been previously found to be negative, both when used for bacterial and viral infections. Van Zele et al, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study, found no influence of doxycycline treatment on self-reported olfactory loss in

• MSG model is well characterized and

  2024-03-29

  

  MSG model is well characterized and widely used because it is not influenced by dietary components and because it mimics a lesion in the arcuate nucleus and lateral hypothalamus that can occur in chronic obese patients (Moraes et al., 2009, Purkayasta and Cai, 2013). High fat fed diet is amongst the

• In pancreatic islets we found an increase in

  2024-03-29

  

  In pancreatic islets we found an increase in protein expression of leukocyte 12/15-LO that paralleled the metabolic decline characterized by severe hyperglycemia and reduced islet numbers. Similar increase in 12/15-LO expression by Western blot was found in the control mice, which have a normal meta

• br Stress glucocorticoids as risk factor for Alzheimer

  2024-03-29

  

  Stress/glucocorticoids as risk factor for Alzheimer’s Disease: preclinical studies A role for glucocorticoids in shaping the risk for AD is supported by animal studies using rats or mice injected with Aβ oligomers, tau protein or excitotoxins, or transgenic (Tg) mice carrying mutations associated

• It is important to note that stable amnesia is apparently

  2024-03-28

  

  It is important to note that stable amnesia is, apparently, a general biological phenomenon and can be found in different animal species. In studies on rats, it was found that if reconsolidation of conditioned olfactory aversion memory was impaired by the antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors, amne

• In this article we have outlined the

  2024-03-28

  

  In this article, we have outlined the increasing, as yet still circumstantial evidence that the 6TM domains of bacterial ACs might operate as receptors for as yet unknown ligands. Intriguingly, several architectural arguments are also applicable to the 6TM domains of mammalian membrane-bound ACs (mA

• Adenosine is a ubiquitous homeostatic substance released fro

  2024-03-28

  

  Adenosine is a ubiquitous homeostatic substance released from most cells, including neurons and glias. Endogenous adenosine acts at four principal G-protein-associated receptor subtypes: A1, A2a, A2b and A3 (Ralevic and Burnstock, 1998). The stimulation of adenosine receptors by extracellular adenos

• br Conclusions Several lines of evidence have been establish

  2024-03-28

  

  Conclusions Several lines of evidence have been established, which support the adenosine kinase hypothesis of epileptogenesis, which is based on a sequence of events leading from acute secretin receptor injury to initial downregulation of ADK, rise in extracellular adenosine, changes in astrocyt

• In addition we performed Western blot analysis of different

  2024-03-28

  

  In addition, we performed Western-blot analysis of different areas of mouse brain with BAF312 australia against mAck1 (Ureña et al., 2005). The data obtained showed a high rate of expression in neocortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and brainstem (Fig. 4). More moderate levels of expression were seen

• br Author contributions br Conflicts of interest The authors

  2024-03-28

  

  Author contributions Conflicts of interest The authors declare no competing financial interests. Acknowledgement This work was supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Sonderforschungsbereich/Transregio 166–Project C1 and grant CA 1014/1-1 to D.C.) and the IZKF Würzbur

• Thus phosphorylation of p was used to measure the

  2024-03-28

  

  Thus, phosphorylation of p38 was used to measure the intracellular potency of ASK1 inhibitors. In this assay, HEK293/AP-1luc Ranitidine expressing human full-length ASK1 were incubated with compound for 18 h and then lysed and the level of phospho-p38 was quantified using the HTRF assay [33]. Re

• Since immunoassays cannot specifically quantify each

  2024-03-28

  

  Since immunoassays cannot specifically quantify each apelin peptide, a more reliable approach, mass spectrometry (MS) has been used recently to quantify and characterize apelin fragments in plasma. Using this technology, Zhen et al. showed that [Pyr-1]-apelin-13 was the major apelin form present in

• br Conflicts of interest br Contributors br Introduction

  2024-03-28

  

  Conflicts of interest Contributors Introduction Lipid oxidation and enzymatic activities are some of the most significant problems in the food industry. These reactions lead to changes in chemical composition which in turn reduce the quality and shelf life of food products. Most of the anti

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